How Safe Are GC and HPLC Columns and Tubing at High Pressures? And When Will They Burst
Norbert Reuter, Technical Manager, Global Technical Support for CSD, Middelburg, The Netherlands
Introduction
Seeing the trends in gas and liquid chromatography- one can conclude that the chromatographer's salvation is based on pressure—the more, the better.
In gas chromatography, we use ever-decreasing internal diameters and, therefore, higher pressure in the carrier gas system to achieve optimum flows/linear velocities. Pressures up to 10 to 15 bar (145 to 220 psi) are normal for 0.10 mm ID columns. For supply gas lines that can also be a lot higher. Where gas supply tubing is made of steel, columns are mostly made of fused silica.
In liquid chromatography, with the appearance of the ultra high-performance LC technology, the working pressure can go up to 1000 bar (14500 psi) or more.
It seems that "How safe are my (GC and HPLC) columns and tubing at high pressures—when do they burst?" is a valid question.
Tough Materials
Comparing sheet metal with glass plates or plastic plates and our household experiences, shows that there is a difference in the toughness of materials. Glass breaks easily, we stretch plastic foil until it ruptures, but steel or other metal foil are strong.
The physical property related to this toughness is the (ultimate) tensile strength. The Wikipedia definition is: "The maximum stress a material can withstand when subjected to tension, compression or shearing. It is the maximum stress on the stress-strain curve".
From our observations above, the tensile strength for steel must be greater than the one for plastics or glass.
Material Ultimate Tensile Strength [MPa] [psi] PTFE/Teflon 17.5 2540 Fused Silica 48.3 7005 Glass 50.0 7250 PEEK 90.0 13050 Nickel 140 20300 Copper 210 30250 Stainless Steel 316 534 77450 Table 1: Ultimate Tensile Strength for some materials
Another factor influencing the toughness is how thick the material is—a thin glass plate breaks easily, but a 6 mm thick plate needs quite a pressure to break. In our chromatographic examples this translates to the wall thickness of the tubing—the thinner the wall, the easier it bursts.
Estimation of the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure for Tubing
There are two possible pressures. The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP), which is a safe pressure to work with, without the possibility of ruptures or bursting. And there is the burst pressure; the name stands for itself. Normally a factor 4 (four) is assumed between the two. If you quadruple the maximum allowable working pressure, you get the burst pressure for temperatures of the materials' chromatographic application areas. Estimations are based on Barlow's formula:
PMAWP = (OD - ID)/OD · σUTS/SF = 2 dW/OD · σUTS/SF ID = Internal Diameter of the Pipe
OD = Outside Diameter of the Pipe
dW = Wall Thickness of the Pipe
σUTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength
SF = Safety Factor (1 for burst pressure, 4 for MAWP)
The burst pressure is dependent on the wall thickness and the diameter of a pipe. The larger the diameter and the thinner the wall, the less pressure it needs to burst a pipe. Thin walls mean a ID/OD ratio close to 1.0. Also the tensile strength of the pipe material plays a role. A plastic tube will burst long before a metal tube will. And within the metals soft copper will burst before strong steel.
The factor (OD - ID)/OD can also be expressed as 1 - ID/OD, this is 1 minus the ratio between internal and outside diameter of the tubing.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) for Fused Silica Tubing (without Polyimide layer, safety factor = 4)
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) for Metal Tubings (FS as Reference), safety factor = 4
Table 2: Typical dimensions of metal columns
Outer Diameter Internal Diameter ID/OD Ratio [mm] [inch] [mm] 0.80 1/32 0.50 0.625 1.60 1/16 0.15 0.094 1.60 1/16 0.25 0.156 1.60 1/16 0.50 0.313 1.60 1/16 0.75 0.469 1.60 1/16 1.00 0.625 3.18 1/8 2.00 0.629 3.18 1/8 2.10 0.660 6.35 1/4 4.30 0.677 6.35 1/4 4.40 0.693
Conclusions
These calculations show why column manufacturers offer their ultra-performance LC columns in special high-pressure hardware with thick steel walls around the packing.
In Gas Chromatography, even a 0.53 mm ID fused silica tubing is safe to use up to 30 bar (430 psig), but it will burst at 120 bar (1750 psig). These pressures can only be achieved with no pressure regulator between gas cylinder and column, so GC columns are safe to use.
Resources
A HTML file is attached. The file is a MAWP Calculator and runs in every browser.
